CHICAGO EXOTICS ANIMAL HOSPITAL
  • Home
  • Emergency Care
  • Care Sheets
    • General Care >
      • Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
      • Heating Reptile Enclosures
      • Health Veggie Shopping for Reptiles
      • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
      • Metabolic Bone Disease Care
      • Vaccines in Exotic Animals
    • Birds >
      • Amazon Care
      • Avian Influenza Fact Sheet
      • Avian Influenza for Poultry Fact Sheet
      • Avian Bornavirus Testing
      • Budgie Care
      • Canaries
      • Chicken Care
      • Chronic Egg Laying
      • Cleaning and Disinfecting
      • Cockatiels (and other small Psittacines)
      • Cockatoo Care
      • ​Converting Your Bird to a Pelleted Diet
      • Feather Picking
      • General Parrot Care
      • Handfeeding Baby Parrots
      • Healthy Shopping for your Birds
      • Infectious Diseases of Parrots
      • Instructions for Physical Therapy in Birds
      • Lead Poisoning
      • McWatters Diet (Homemade Mash)
      • Macaw Care
      • Parrot Precautions
      • Polyoma Virus
      • Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
      • Proventricular Dilatation Disease
      • Spiroform Pharangitis (Spirochetes)
      • Baby Starling and Sparrow guidelines
      • Can smoke affect my bird?
      • Territorial Aggression
      • Unsafe Plants for Birds
      • Weaning Baby Birds
      • What to Feed Your Pet Bird
      • Wing Injury and Rehabilitation
      • Wing Trims
      • Your Overly Reproductive Female Bird
      • Zinc Toxicity
    • Caiman Care
    • Ferret and Fox Care >
      • Your Ferret’s First Visit to the Vet
      • An Overview of Ferret Adrenal Disease
      • Chronic Diarrhea in Ferrets
      • Ferret Dentistry
      • Heart Disease in Ferrets
      • Heartworm Disease in Ferrets
      • Insulinoma in Ferrets
      • Lymphoma In Ferrets
      • Bob’s Chicken Gravy
      • Fennec Foxes
      • Red Foxes
    • Fish >
      • Algae in your Freshwater Aquarium
      • Eel Care
      • Freshwater Tropical Fish Care
      • Beginning a Freshwater Aquarium
      • Cleaning your Freshwater Aquarium
      • How to Feed your Fish
      • Aquarium Corals
      • Koi Care
      • General Goldfish Care
    • Invertebrate Care >
      • Blue Death Feigning Beetle Care
      • Giant Vinegaroon Care
      • Asian Forest Scorpion
      • Hairy Desert Scorpion
      • Hermit Crab Care
      • Tarantula Care - Basic
      • Millipede care
    • Frogs, Toads, and Other Amphibians >
      • Argentine Horned Frogs
      • Bullfrog Care
      • Dart Frog Care
      • Feeding Pet Frogs and Toads
      • Fire Bellied Toad Care
      • Pixie Frog Care
      • Red Eyed Tree Frog Care
      • Short Tongue Syndrome
      • Tiger Salamander Care
      • Axolotl Care
      • White Lipped Tree Frog Care
      • White's Tree Frog Care
      • Ranavirus
    • Guinea Pigs and Rodents >
      • Chinchilla Care
      • Cuy Criollo (Giant Guinea Pig)
      • Health Problems with Guinea Pigs
      • Degu Care
      • Gerbil Care
      • Guinea Pig Care
      • Hamster Care
      • Diabetic Hamster Diet
      • Mice Care
      • Rat Care
      • Health Problems with Rats
      • Prairie Dog Care
      • Odontoma
      • Veggies For Guinea Pigs
      • Visible Tumors in Rodents
      • Vitamin C Deficiency In Guinea Pigs
    • Hedgehog Care >
      • Baby Hedgehog (Hoglet) Care
    • Kinkajoos and Armadillos >
      • Kinkajou Care
      • Nine Banded Armadillo Care
    • Lizards >
      • Anole Care
      • Bearded Dragon Care
      • Blue Tongued Skink Care
      • Crested Gecko Care
      • Geckos of New Caledonia
      • Crocodile Monitor Care
      • Frilled Lizard Care
      • Green Iguana Care
      • Jackson's Chameleon Care
      • Leopard Gecko Care
      • Nile Monitor Care
      • Old World Chameleon Care
      • Panther Chameleon Care
      • Red-Eyed Crocodile Skink Care
      • Savannah Monitor Care
      • Tegu Care
      • Thai Water Dragon Care
      • Uromastyx Care
      • Veiled Chameleon Care
    • Potbellied Pigs >
      • Pot Belly Pigs
      • Diamond Skin Disease
    • Rabbits >
      • Bonding Rabbits Bullet Point Checklist
      • Healthy Shopping for Rabbits
      • Complete Rabbit Care
      • Getting To Know Your New Bunny
      • Training Your Bunny
      • What To Feed Your Rabbit
      • Learning to Use the Litter Box
      • What To Expect From Your New Rabbit
      • Dental Disease in Rabbits
      • Heart Disease in Rabbits
      • Healthy Stool in Rabbits
      • Gastrointestinal Stasis in Rabbits
      • RHDV2 Fact Sheet
      • Parasites of Rabbits
      • Sore Hocks in Rabbits
      • Pasteurella in Rabbits
      • Medicating Your Rabbit or Guinea Pig
    • Snakes >
      • Amazon Tree Boa Care
      • Ball Python Care
      • Black Rat Snake Care
      • Boa Constrictor Care
      • Brazilian Rainbow Boa Care
      • Burmese Python Care
      • California Kingsnake Care
      • Cornsnake Care
      • Dumeril's Boa Care
      • Eastern Kingsnake Care
      • Emerald Tree Boa Care
      • Garter Snake Care
      • Green Tree Python Care
      • Western Hognose Care
      • Mexican Black Kingsnake Care
      • Rosy Boa Care
      • Sand Boa Care
      • Western Fox Snake Care
      • Inclusion Body Disease
    • Sugar Gliders and Marsupials
    • Turtles and Tortoises >
      • Alligator Snapping Turtle Care
      • Bell's Hingeback Care
      • Box Turtle Care
      • Chinese Box Turtle Care
      • Common Snapping Turtle Care
      • General Tortoise Husbandry
      • Leopard Tortoise Care
      • Mud Turtle Care
      • Musk Turtle Care
      • Painted Turtle Care
      • Red Eared Slider Care
      • Russian Tortoise Care
      • Soft Shelled Turtle Care
      • Sulcata Care >
        • Diet For Sulcata Tortoises
      • Common Health Problems
      • General Care of Aquatic Turtles
      • Redfoot tortoise Care
  • Contact
    • Referrals
  • Vets, Externs & Shelters
    • Xoran CT
    • Acupuncture and Chiropratic Medicine
    • Erchonia Laser
    • Vet Day Camp >
      • Heart Supplement Formula
      • Avian Hemotology
    • Shelters
    • Externships
    • Jobs
  • Products
  • Links
  • About Us
  • Chicago Exotics Blog
    • About Us April Fools Page
  • Happy Turtle Stories
  • Tour
  • ADV Testing Information
  • Lacy Act Summary
  • Preparing for your pet's end of life
Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine
with a passion!
Picture

​Polyoma Virus

by Susan Horton, DVM
History

First described as Budgerigar fledgling disease in 1981, was called papovavirus
It is a nonencapsulated DNA particle
Avian polyoma viruses are apparently worldwide, but presentation of the disease is different between species
Effects Budgerigars, nonbudgerigar psittacines, finches and gallinaceous species  

Clinical Features 

Budgerigars
  • Feather abnormalities: reduced formation of down (Head and neck), contour feathers, and flight feathers; these birds are older then 15 days (runners, French molt)
  • Develop normally for 10-15 days, then die
  • Abdominal distension, hemorrhage under the skin, neurologic signs: ataxia, tremors of head and neck
  • Mortality rates vary dependent on age of bird at time of exposure to virus
  • Embryonic death

Nonbudgerigar psittacine birds
  • Peracute death with no signs (most common in young birds)
  • Acute infections: 12 to 24 hour period of clinical changes such as depression, anorexia, weight loss, delayed crop emptying, regurgitation, dehydration, diarrhea, polyuria, difficulty breathing, bleeding under the skin followed by death
  • Subcutaneous hemorrhage over the crop and across the cranium-common in larger psittacines (any disease causing vasculitis, clotting disorders or damage to the liver)
  • Yellowish urates
  • Increased LDH, AST, AlkPhos
  • Eclectus parrots may also exhibit gastrointestinal stasis, melena, hematuria, and abdominal pain
  • Chronic form (Europe ): Weight loss, intermittent anorexia, polyuria, poor feather formation, and recurrent bacterial or fungal infections.  Renal failure may follow

Passeriformes
  • Acute death (fledglings, adults)
  • Beak abnormalities (fledglings)
​
Epizoology

All species should be considered susceptible to polyomavirus.
Most commonly effected species include young budgerigars, macaws, conures, Eclectus parrots, lovebirds, ring-necked parakeets, and caiques
Birds considered naturally susceptible to avian polyomavirus
Psittaciformes
  • African Grey Parrots
  • Budgerigars
  • Conures
  • Hawk-headed Parrot
  • Lorikeets       
  • Meyer’s Parrot  
  • Quaker Parakeets
  • Senegal Parrot  
  • Amazon Parrots
  • Cockatiels         
  • Grey-cheeked parakeets
  • Kakariki           
  • Lovebirds      
  • Parrotlets
  • Rose-ringed Parakeets
  • Splendid Parrot
  • Bourke’s Parrots
  • Cockatoos
  • Eclectus Parrots
  • Lories
  • Macaws
  • Pionus Parrots
  • Scarlet-chested Parrot
Passeriformes
  • Canaries
  • Seedcrackers
  • Blue Bills  
  • Finches
Others
  • Chickens
  • Lady Amhurst Pheasant
  • Peaceful Dove
  • Brown Pigeon 
  • Turkeys
  • Golden Pheasants
  • Ostriches
Age Susceptibility/Mortality

Mortality rate with budgerigars less than 15 days may be as high as 100%, older birds range from 30-80%
Nonbudgerigar neonates are highly susceptible (parent or hand-raised)- usually signs show up at time of weaning; mortality rates from 31-41%

Older psittacine birds
  • Can seroconvert and may be clinically normal (budgies over one month, and over five months of age in others)
  • Exceptions seem to be Eclectus, caiques, grass parakeets and cockatoos

Persistent Infections

These are individuals (budgies) that develop latent infections and shed virus periodically throughout their lives.
They are responsible for the persistence, transmission and spread of virus through budgie flocks as well as exposure to others.
Polyoma virus inclusion bodies can be detected in feathers, feather follicles and renal tissue in and may be protected in these areas from the neutralizing effects of antibodies.
Persistent (latent) infection has not been proven in other nonbudgie species.

Incubation

Budgerigars naturally exposed have peak mortality rates between day 15 and day 19
Incubation period in nonbudgie species has not been determined but is estimated to be as long as 14 days and as short as 2 days.

Transmission

Horizontal transmission- virus-contaminated feather dust, feces, urine, urates, respiratory secretions, crop secretions… Aerosolized virus: intranasal route of infection, ingestion

Vertically – Parent to offspring (infected embryos, Budgies only)  
  • In Budgerigars- horizontally and vertically; ie both among members of the flock and between parent and offspring.
  • In Nonbudgerigars-Just horizontally
 
Pathology

In Budgerigars
  • Hydropericardium
  • Cardiomegally
  • Hepatomegally with multifocal yellow-white foci
  • Ascites
  • Splenomegally
  • Hemorrhage under the skin, of the intestines and heart
  • Feather dystrophy
  • Histologically there is atrophy of the lymphoid tissue in the spleen and cloacal bursa; inclusion bodies can be found in most tissues

In Nonbudgerigars
  • Clear fluid in the abdominal cavity
  • Small, pale spleen
  • Congested, hemorrhagic liver
  • Splenomegally
  • Pale, swollen kidneys
  • Pale cardiac and skeletal muscles
  • Feather dystrophy (rare)
  • Ascites
  • Hemorrhage under the skin and over any serosal surface
  • Histologically there is hepatic necrosis, lymphoid depletion of the cloacal bursa, and membranous glomerulopathy
  • Intranuclear inclusion bodies can be found in spleen and liver tissue most often
 
Immunity

Natural exposure to the virus can produce virus-neutralizing antibodies; titers usually decrease over a two to three month period

Diagnosis

Most accurate confirmation involves recovery of virus in cell culture from tissues of an infected bird
Electron microscopy
Four fold increase in antibody titer in paired samples
Specialized staining techniques of tissue sample
Detection of viral nucleic acid using polyoma-specific DNA probes (cloacal swabs)
DNA testing shows there is no correlation between active shedding of polyomavirus in feces and the titer of neutralizing antibodies… 98.2 % sensitivity, 100% specificity
 
Prevention and Control  

Reduce exposure to virus
Sound hygienic practices
  • Virus is shed in feces, urine, and feather dust
  • Good disinfectants are Avinol-3 (Synthetic phenol), Clorox (Sodium hypochlorite), Dent-A-Gene (Stabilized Chlorine dioxide), and Alcohol (ethanol 70%)
  • Nursery is cleaned and disinfected regularly
Closed Aviaries
  • Limited visitors 
Managed Aviaries
  • Quarantine all new birds for 60-90 days
  • Do not accept or ship unvaccinated birds
  • Budgies are not in same airspace as other neonate psittacines
  • Use biosecure shipping containers to prevent exposure
  • Ship only weaned birds    
  • No Visitors in the Nursery
  • Do not return neonates to nursery that have been exposed to other birds
  • Separate feeding instruments for each bird
  • Do not replace feeding utensil into common food container
Vaccination
  • Vaccinate susceptible adults and neonates
  • Do not ship unvaccinated birds
 
Disinfectants found to experimentally inactivate avian polyoma and their sources

Agent                     Active ingredient                       Dilution   
Synphenol              Synthetic phenol                          1:256   
Clorox                    Sodium hypochlorite                    1:10  
Dent-A-Gene         Stabilized chlorine dioxide           1:400 
Alcohol                  Ethanol 70%                                Undiluted
 
Treatment

To date, there is no effective treatment
Interferon, acyclovir and AZT have been tried, may show some promise.
Seriously effected birds need intensive supportive care
 
Vaccination

Adults (at risk breeding birds, birds going to shows)
  • Vaccinated during nonbreeding season
  • Series of 2 vaccinations, 2 to 3 weeks apart
  • During the vaccination process, it is expected that 2 to 4 % of the breeding population will also be found to have serious pre-existing medical problems (even in best managed aviaries)

Immature birds
  • In general, vaccination is started 4 weeks prior to weaning
  • Series of 2 vaccinations 2 to 3 weeks apart
  • Last vaccination 2 weeks before shipping
  • If aviary has a history of polyoma disease, start vaccination at 40 to 50 days of age
  • If having an outbreak, vaccine can safely be given at 20 days of age; these birds are boostered 2 additional times, 2 to 3 weeks apart
  • Original certificate of vaccination should be sent with bird
 
Companion birds
  • If kept in complete isolation, not necessary
  • Dr. Ritchie points out that if the bird or it’s keeper leaves the home to go to the groomer, veterinarian, club meetings or anywhere else where direct or indirect exposure might occur, vaccination is not a bad idea.
  • It is interesting to note that we protect our dogs and cats who are maintained in relative isolation with yearly boosters against common viruses
 
References  
  1. Ritchie BW.  Avian Viruses: Function and Control.  Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth , Florida .  1995. Pp136-170
  2. Ritchie BW, Niagro FD, Latimer KS , et al: Avian Polyomavirus.  An overview.  J Assoc Avian Vet 5:147-153, 1991
  3. Clubb SL,  Davis RB: Outbreak of papova-like viral infection in a psittacine nursery-a retrospective view.  Proc Assoc Avian Vet, 1984, pp 121-129.
  4. Niagro FD, Ritchie BW, Lukert PD, et al:  Avian Polyomavirus: Discordance between neutralizing antibody titers and viral shedding in an aviary.  Proc Assoc Avian Vet, 1991, pp22-26.
Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates.
  • Home
  • Emergency Care
  • Care Sheets
    • General Care >
      • Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
      • Heating Reptile Enclosures
      • Health Veggie Shopping for Reptiles
      • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
      • Metabolic Bone Disease Care
      • Vaccines in Exotic Animals
    • Birds >
      • Amazon Care
      • Avian Influenza Fact Sheet
      • Avian Influenza for Poultry Fact Sheet
      • Avian Bornavirus Testing
      • Budgie Care
      • Canaries
      • Chicken Care
      • Chronic Egg Laying
      • Cleaning and Disinfecting
      • Cockatiels (and other small Psittacines)
      • Cockatoo Care
      • ​Converting Your Bird to a Pelleted Diet
      • Feather Picking
      • General Parrot Care
      • Handfeeding Baby Parrots
      • Healthy Shopping for your Birds
      • Infectious Diseases of Parrots
      • Instructions for Physical Therapy in Birds
      • Lead Poisoning
      • McWatters Diet (Homemade Mash)
      • Macaw Care
      • Parrot Precautions
      • Polyoma Virus
      • Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
      • Proventricular Dilatation Disease
      • Spiroform Pharangitis (Spirochetes)
      • Baby Starling and Sparrow guidelines
      • Can smoke affect my bird?
      • Territorial Aggression
      • Unsafe Plants for Birds
      • Weaning Baby Birds
      • What to Feed Your Pet Bird
      • Wing Injury and Rehabilitation
      • Wing Trims
      • Your Overly Reproductive Female Bird
      • Zinc Toxicity
    • Caiman Care
    • Ferret and Fox Care >
      • Your Ferret’s First Visit to the Vet
      • An Overview of Ferret Adrenal Disease
      • Chronic Diarrhea in Ferrets
      • Ferret Dentistry
      • Heart Disease in Ferrets
      • Heartworm Disease in Ferrets
      • Insulinoma in Ferrets
      • Lymphoma In Ferrets
      • Bob’s Chicken Gravy
      • Fennec Foxes
      • Red Foxes
    • Fish >
      • Algae in your Freshwater Aquarium
      • Eel Care
      • Freshwater Tropical Fish Care
      • Beginning a Freshwater Aquarium
      • Cleaning your Freshwater Aquarium
      • How to Feed your Fish
      • Aquarium Corals
      • Koi Care
      • General Goldfish Care
    • Invertebrate Care >
      • Blue Death Feigning Beetle Care
      • Giant Vinegaroon Care
      • Asian Forest Scorpion
      • Hairy Desert Scorpion
      • Hermit Crab Care
      • Tarantula Care - Basic
      • Millipede care
    • Frogs, Toads, and Other Amphibians >
      • Argentine Horned Frogs
      • Bullfrog Care
      • Dart Frog Care
      • Feeding Pet Frogs and Toads
      • Fire Bellied Toad Care
      • Pixie Frog Care
      • Red Eyed Tree Frog Care
      • Short Tongue Syndrome
      • Tiger Salamander Care
      • Axolotl Care
      • White Lipped Tree Frog Care
      • White's Tree Frog Care
      • Ranavirus
    • Guinea Pigs and Rodents >
      • Chinchilla Care
      • Cuy Criollo (Giant Guinea Pig)
      • Health Problems with Guinea Pigs
      • Degu Care
      • Gerbil Care
      • Guinea Pig Care
      • Hamster Care
      • Diabetic Hamster Diet
      • Mice Care
      • Rat Care
      • Health Problems with Rats
      • Prairie Dog Care
      • Odontoma
      • Veggies For Guinea Pigs
      • Visible Tumors in Rodents
      • Vitamin C Deficiency In Guinea Pigs
    • Hedgehog Care >
      • Baby Hedgehog (Hoglet) Care
    • Kinkajoos and Armadillos >
      • Kinkajou Care
      • Nine Banded Armadillo Care
    • Lizards >
      • Anole Care
      • Bearded Dragon Care
      • Blue Tongued Skink Care
      • Crested Gecko Care
      • Geckos of New Caledonia
      • Crocodile Monitor Care
      • Frilled Lizard Care
      • Green Iguana Care
      • Jackson's Chameleon Care
      • Leopard Gecko Care
      • Nile Monitor Care
      • Old World Chameleon Care
      • Panther Chameleon Care
      • Red-Eyed Crocodile Skink Care
      • Savannah Monitor Care
      • Tegu Care
      • Thai Water Dragon Care
      • Uromastyx Care
      • Veiled Chameleon Care
    • Potbellied Pigs >
      • Pot Belly Pigs
      • Diamond Skin Disease
    • Rabbits >
      • Bonding Rabbits Bullet Point Checklist
      • Healthy Shopping for Rabbits
      • Complete Rabbit Care
      • Getting To Know Your New Bunny
      • Training Your Bunny
      • What To Feed Your Rabbit
      • Learning to Use the Litter Box
      • What To Expect From Your New Rabbit
      • Dental Disease in Rabbits
      • Heart Disease in Rabbits
      • Healthy Stool in Rabbits
      • Gastrointestinal Stasis in Rabbits
      • RHDV2 Fact Sheet
      • Parasites of Rabbits
      • Sore Hocks in Rabbits
      • Pasteurella in Rabbits
      • Medicating Your Rabbit or Guinea Pig
    • Snakes >
      • Amazon Tree Boa Care
      • Ball Python Care
      • Black Rat Snake Care
      • Boa Constrictor Care
      • Brazilian Rainbow Boa Care
      • Burmese Python Care
      • California Kingsnake Care
      • Cornsnake Care
      • Dumeril's Boa Care
      • Eastern Kingsnake Care
      • Emerald Tree Boa Care
      • Garter Snake Care
      • Green Tree Python Care
      • Western Hognose Care
      • Mexican Black Kingsnake Care
      • Rosy Boa Care
      • Sand Boa Care
      • Western Fox Snake Care
      • Inclusion Body Disease
    • Sugar Gliders and Marsupials
    • Turtles and Tortoises >
      • Alligator Snapping Turtle Care
      • Bell's Hingeback Care
      • Box Turtle Care
      • Chinese Box Turtle Care
      • Common Snapping Turtle Care
      • General Tortoise Husbandry
      • Leopard Tortoise Care
      • Mud Turtle Care
      • Musk Turtle Care
      • Painted Turtle Care
      • Red Eared Slider Care
      • Russian Tortoise Care
      • Soft Shelled Turtle Care
      • Sulcata Care >
        • Diet For Sulcata Tortoises
      • Common Health Problems
      • General Care of Aquatic Turtles
      • Redfoot tortoise Care
  • Contact
    • Referrals
  • Vets, Externs & Shelters
    • Xoran CT
    • Acupuncture and Chiropratic Medicine
    • Erchonia Laser
    • Vet Day Camp >
      • Heart Supplement Formula
      • Avian Hemotology
    • Shelters
    • Externships
    • Jobs
  • Products
  • Links
  • About Us
  • Chicago Exotics Blog
    • About Us April Fools Page
  • Happy Turtle Stories
  • Tour
  • ADV Testing Information
  • Lacy Act Summary
  • Preparing for your pet's end of life